Beschreibung
Inhaltsangabe1 Introduction.- 1.2 Classification of High-Speed Fluid Jets.- 1.3 State-of-the-Art Application of the Water-Jet Technique.- 2 Classification and Characterization of Abrasive Materials.- 2.1 Classification and Properties of Abrasive Materials.- 2.1.1 General Classification of Abrasive Materials.- 2.1.2 Global Abrasive-Evaluation Parameter.- 2.2 Abrasive-Material Structure and Hardness.- 2.2.1 Structural Aspects of Abrasive Materials.- 2.2.2 Hardness of Abrasive Materials.- 2.3 Abrasive-Particle Shape Parameters.- 2.3.1 Relative Proportions of Abrasive Particles.- 2.3.2 Geometrical Form of Particles.- 2.4 Abrasive-Particle Size Distribution and Abrasive-Particle Diameter.- 2.4.1 Particle-Size Distribution.- 2.4.1.1 General Definitions.- 2.4.1.2 Sieve Analysis.- 2.4.1.3 Particle-Size Distribution Models.- 2.4.2 'Average' Particle Diameter.- 2.5 Number and Kinetic Energy of Abrasive Particles.- 2.5.1 Abrasive-Particle Number and Frequency.- 2.5.2 Kinetic Energy of Abrasive Particles.- 3 Generation of Abrasive Water Jets.- 3.1 Properties and Structure of High-Speed Water Jets.- 3.1.1 Velocity of High-Speed Water Jets.- 3.1.1.1 Integral Pressure Balance.- 3.1.1.2 Momentum-Transfer Efficiency.- 3.1.2 Kinetic Energy of High-Speed Water Jets.- 3.1.3 Structure and Properties of High-Speed Water Jets.- 3.1.3.1 Structure in Axial Direction.- 3.1.3.2 Structure in Radial Direction.- 3.2 Abrasive Particle - Water Jet Mixing Principles in Injection Systems.- 3.2.1 General Design Principles.- 3.2.2 Internal Design Parameters.- 3.2.2.1 Distance Between Orifice Exit and Focus Entrance.- 3.2.2.2 Distance Between Abrasive Inlet and Focus Entrance.- 3.2.2.3 Alignment Between Orifice and Focus.- 3.2.2.4 Mixing-Chamber Length.- 3.2.3 Alternative Injection-System Designs.- 3.2.3.1 Annular Jet Systems.- 3.2.3.2 Vortex-Flow System.- 3.2.3.3 Multiple Water-Jet System.- 3.3 Abrasive Suction in Injection Systems.- 3.3.1 Pressure Difference for Pneumatic Transport.- 3.3.2 Air-Flow Rate.- 3.3.3 Abrasive-Particle Entry Velocity.- 3.3.4 Internal Focus Pressure-Profile.- 3.4 Abrasive-Particle Acceleration in Injection Systems.- 3.4.1 Simplified Momentum-Transfer Model.- 3.4.1.1 Integral Impulse Balance.- 3.4.1.2 Momentum-Transfer Efficiency.- 3.4.2 Improved Acceleration Model.- 3.4.2.1 Velocity Components.- 3.4.2.2 Force Balance in Axial Direction.- 3.4.2.3 Friction Coefficient and Reynolds-Number.- 3.4.2.4 Force Balance in Radial Direction.- 3.4.2.5 Approximate Solution.- 3.4.2.6 Rigorous Solution.- 3.4.2.7 Numerical Solutions in Axial Direction.- 3.4.2.8 Numerical Solutions in Radial Solution.- 3.4.2.9 Results of Steel-Ball Projection Experiments.- 3.4.3 Regression Model.- 3.5 Abrasive-Particle Fragmentation in Injection Systems.- 3.5.1 Solid-Particle Impact Comminution.- 3.5.1.1 Impact Velocity and Impact Angle.- 3.5.1.2 Fracture Zones During Impact.- 3.5.1.3 Size Effects.- 3.5.1.4 Other Material Properties.- 3.5.2 Abrasive-Particle Size Reduction During Mixing and Acceleration.- 3.5.2.1 General Observations.- 3.5.2.2 The 'Disintegration-Number'.- 3.5.2.3 Influence of Abrasive-Particle Structure and Properties.- 3.5.2.4 Energy Absorption During Abrasive-Particle Fragmentation.- 3.5.3 Abrasive-Particle Shape Modification During Mixing and Acceleration.- 3.6 Focus Wear in Injection Systems.- 3.6.1 General Features of Focus Wear.- 3.6.2 Focus-Exit Diameter.- 3.6.2.1 Early Observations.- 3.6.2.2 Focus-Wear Rate.- 3.6.2.3 Process-Parameter Influence.- 3.6.2.4 Hardness Influence.- 3.6.3 Other Focus-Wear Features.- 3.6.3.1 General Aspects.- 3.6.3.2 Focus-Mass Loss and Focus-Wear Pattern.- 3.6.3.3 'Selective' Focus Wear.- 3.6.3.4 Eccentricity of Focus-Exit Wear.- 3.6.4 Modeling the Focus-Wear Process.- 3.6.4.1 Phenomenological Focus-Wear Model.- 3.6.4.2 'Two-Material' Focus Concept.- 3.6.4.3 Lifetime-Estimation Model.- 3.7 Generation of Suspension-Abrasive Water Jets.- 3.7.1 General System Features.- 3.7.1.1 System Components.- 3.7.1.2 Bypass-Systems.- 3.7.1.3 Dire
Autorenportrait
Inhaltsangabe1 Introduction.- 1.2 Classification of High-Speed Fluid Jets.- 1.3 State-of-the-Art Application of the Water-Jet Technique.- 2 Classification and Characterization of Abrasive Materials.- 2.1 Classification and Properties of Abrasive Materials.- 2.1.1 General Classification of Abrasive Materials.- 2.1.2 Global Abrasive-Evaluation Parameter.- 2.2 Abrasive-Material Structure and Hardness.- 2.2.1 Structural Aspects of Abrasive Materials.- 2.2.2 Hardness of Abrasive Materials.- 2.3 Abrasive-Particle Shape Parameters.- 2.3.1 Relative Proportions of Abrasive Particles.- 2.3.2 Geometrical Form of Particles.- 2.4 Abrasive-Particle Size Distribution and Abrasive-Particle Diameter.- 2.4.1 Particle-Size Distribution.- 2.4.1.1 General Definitions.- 2.4.1.2 Sieve Analysis.- 2.4.1.3 Particle-Size Distribution Models.- 2.4.2 'Average' Particle Diameter.- 2.5 Number and Kinetic Energy of Abrasive Particles.- 2.5.1 Abrasive-Particle Number and Frequency.- 2.5.2 Kinetic Energy of Abrasive Particles.- 3 Generation of Abrasive Water Jets.- 3.1 Properties and Structure of High-Speed Water Jets.- 3.1.1 Velocity of High-Speed Water Jets.- 3.1.1.1 Integral Pressure Balance.- 3.1.1.2 Momentum-Transfer Efficiency.- 3.1.2 Kinetic Energy of High-Speed Water Jets.- 3.1.3 Structure and Properties of High-Speed Water Jets.- 3.1.3.1 Structure in Axial Direction.- 3.1.3.2 Structure in Radial Direction.- 3.2 Abrasive Particle - Water Jet Mixing Principles in Injection Systems.- 3.2.1 General Design Principles.- 3.2.2 Internal Design Parameters.- 3.2.2.1 Distance Between Orifice Exit and Focus Entrance.- 3.2.2.2 Distance Between Abrasive Inlet and Focus Entrance.- 3.2.2.3 Alignment Between Orifice and Focus.- 3.2.2.4 Mixing-Chamber Length.- 3.2.3 Alternative Injection-System Designs.- 3.2.3.1 Annular Jet Systems.- 3.2.3.2 Vortex-Flow System.- 3.2.3.3 Multiple Water-Jet System.- 3.3 Abrasive Suction in Injection Systems.- 3.3.1 Pressure Difference for Pneumatic Transport.- 3.3.2 Air-Flow Rate.- 3.3.3 Abrasive-Particle Entry Velocity.- 3.3.4 Internal Focus Pressure-Profile.- 3.4 Abrasive-Particle Acceleration in Injection Systems.- 3.4.1 Simplified Momentum-Transfer Model.- 3.4.1.1 Integral Impulse Balance.- 3.4.1.2 Momentum-Transfer Efficiency.- 3.4.2 Improved Acceleration Model.- 3.4.2.1 Velocity Components.- 3.4.2.2 Force Balance in Axial Direction.- 3.4.2.3 Friction Coefficient and Reynolds-Number.- 3.4.2.4 Force Balance in Radial Direction.- 3.4.2.5 Approximate Solution.- 3.4.2.6 Rigorous Solution.- 3.4.2.7 Numerical Solutions in Axial Direction.- 3.4.2.8 Numerical Solutions in Radial Solution.- 3.4.2.9 Results of Steel-Ball Projection Experiments.- 3.4.3 Regression Model.- 3.5 Abrasive-Particle Fragmentation in Injection Systems.- 3.5.1 Solid-Particle Impact Comminution.- 3.5.1.1 Impact Velocity and Impact Angle.- 3.5.1.2 Fracture Zones During Impact.- 3.5.1.3 Size Effects.- 3.5.1.4 Other Material Properties.- 3.5.2 Abrasive-Particle Size Reduction During Mixing and Acceleration.- 3.5.2.1 General Observations.- 3.5.2.2 The 'Disintegration-Number'.- 3.5.2.3 Influence of Abrasive-Particle Structure and Properties.- 3.5.2.4 Energy Absorption During Abrasive-Particle Fragmentation.- 3.5.3 Abrasive-Particle Shape Modification During Mixing and Acceleration.- 3.6 Focus Wear in Injection Systems.- 3.6.1 General Features of Focus Wear.- 3.6.2 Focus-Exit Diameter.- 3.6.2.1 Early Observations.- 3.6.2.2 Focus-Wear Rate.- 3.6.2.3 Process-Parameter Influence.- 3.6.2.4 Hardness Influence.- 3.6.3 Other Focus-Wear Features.- 3.6.3.1 General Aspects.- 3.6.3.2 Focus-Mass Loss and Focus-Wear Pattern.- 3.6.3.3 'Selective' Focus Wear.- 3.6.3.4 Eccentricity of Focus-Exit Wear.- 3.6.4 Modeling the Focus-Wear Process.- 3.6.4.1 Phenomenological Focus-Wear Model.- 3.6.4.2 'Two-Material' Focus Concept.- 3.6.4.3 Lifetime-Estimation Model.- 3.7 Generation of Suspension-Abrasive Water Jets.- 3.7.1 General System Features.- 3.7.1.1 System Components.- 3.7.1.2 Bypass-Systems.- 3.7.1.3 Dire
