November 9th 1938 is widely seen as a violent turning point in Nazi Germanys assault on the Jews.  An estimated 400 Jews lost their lives in the anti-Semitic pogrom and more than 30,000 were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, where many were brutally mistreated.  Thousands more fled their homelands in Germany and Austria, shocked by what they had seen, heard and experienced.  What they took with them was not only the pain of saying farewell but also the memory of terrible scenes: attacks by mobs of drunken Nazis, public humiliations, burning synagogues, inhuman conditions in overcrowded prison cells and concentration camp barracks.  The reactions of neighbours and passersby to these barbarities ranged from sympathy and aid to scorn, mockery, and abuse.

In 1939 the Harvard sociologist Edward Hartshorne gathered eyewitness accounts of the Kristallnacht from hundreds of Jews who had fled, but Hartshorne joined the Secret Service shortly afterwards and the accounts he gathered were forgotten until now.  These eyewitness testimonies published here for the first time with a Foreword by Saul Friedländer, the Pulitzer Prize historian and Holocaust survivor paint a harrowing picture of everyday violence in one of Europes darkest moments.

This unique and disturbing document will be of great interest to anyone interested in modern history, Nazi Germany and the historical experience of the Jews.

Uta Gerhardt is a German sociologist and professor emeritus at the University of Heidelberg. She studied sociology, philosophy and history at the universities of Frankfurt am Main and Berlin. In 1969, she obtained a Ph.D. at the University of Konstanz.

Thomas Karlaufis a literary agent and author.

Editorial Note and Acknowledgements vii

Foreword Saul Friedländer x

Introduction Thomas Karlauf: Thus Ended My Life in Germany' 1

Part I The Terror 17

Hugo Moses 19

Siegfried Merecki 36

Rudolf Bing 56

Toni Lessler 65

Sofoni Herz 72

'Aralk' 82

Marie Kahle 88

Part II In The Camps 93

Karl E. Schwabe 95

Gertrud Wickerhauser Lederer 110

Karl Rosenthal 115

Georg Abraham 135

Hertha Nathorff 148

Carl Hecht 165

Ernst Bellak 174

Part III Before Emigration 179

Martin Freudenheim 181

Alice Bärwald 183

Siegfried Wolff 187

Margarete Neff 194

Fritz Rodeck 208

Fritz Goldberg 228

Harry Kaufman 231

Afterword Uta Gerhardt: Nazi Madness 236

Notes 261

Bibliography 275